My Opinion On Critical Thinking - 993 Words

Critical Thinking In life, critical thinking will help us do everything as solving problems or giving the right decisions to achieve the success. Do you ever think that you will become a billionaire in the future? It sounds fabulous, but it is an indisputable fact. Without critical thinking of people, it is not possible to have a society like we have today. Daily life can have more novelty thanks to creativity in each human’s thinking. It is difficult to find success today. We can only study proven ways to develop more ideas. But it is not really easy to do. It requires you have to have a careful critical thinking to evaluate ideas from your observations and experiences to determine those issues are right or wrong. It depends on the behavior of each individual. People lack of critical thinking skills, they are easy to follow, speaking, lack of personal opinion and depending on the spiritual life of others. For a life of autonomy, there are indispensable skills of careful critical thinking such as recognizing problems, focusing observations and evaluating facts. First of all, cognitive problems help you have a basic understanding about events or opinions in the life. It is an important skill of critical thinking because it helps people understand problems quickly. When you realized that you are facing a certain problem, you will also recognize the necessity of having to act in accordance with what you have to do to fix the problem. â€Å"I have reexamined Broca’s data, the basisShow MoreRelatedMy Opinion On Critical Thinking882 Words   |  4 Pages Attending this class was pretty nerve reacting, English is my worst subject and I tend not to do so well on it. I told myself that I need to get better at English because it matters and maybe one day I’ll make it my favorite subject. What I think of critical thinking still reminds the same, I believe that critical thinking is for someone to think outside the box. By thinking outside the box, it makes you be more open to new ideas and you’re not afraid of taking a risk. Al so by making you seekRead MoreMy Opinion On Critical Thinking942 Words   |  4 PagesCritical thinking is something that we use in our everyday life, although most of us may not realize that we are even doing it. The definition for critical thinking is the â€Å"intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action† (Defining). In other words, it is when you take all theRead MoreMy Opinion On My Critical Thinking Skills Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance in using my own words and the importance of rereading and checking my material before turning it in. I gained much knowledge on the different sorts of vocations in psychology, and sub careers. This course has set me up for the other courses that I will need to finish my degree. My critical thinking s kills have been enhanced which has improved my thought process. The course was pretty much how I expected it to be. I knew what was expected of me and had excellent input on my strong points andRead MoreMy Interpretation Of Critical Thinking1482 Words   |  6 PagesMy interpretation of Critical Thinking has been challenged by the author of this passage by the dean of college arts and sciences of Santa Carla University author and narrator Peter A Facione. I have come to the conclusion that my initial thoughts of what critical thinking was way off. The author has the reader asking himself questions, and forming scenarios where we actually had to use critical thinking. I think this method of understanding is a great way to teach new readers. Right off the batRead MoreCritical Analysis On Critical Thinking1311 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Self Reflection Essay Critical thinking has been defined as the ability to be a disciplined thinker by using clear, rational, open-minded, and informed by evidence. Critical thinking is a skill that takes years of practice to master. In this essay I will reflect on my personal stage of critical thinking and what strengths and weaknesses I currently have. This personal reflection will include what challenges I will face to advance my critical thinking skills and what requirements a criticalRead MoreCritical Thinking and Society Exercise1121 Words   |  5 Pages | |Critical Thinking and Society Exercise | | | | | †¢ Describe a situation in which critical and creative thought could have been used forRead MoreEssay about Critical Thinking: Strategies in Decision Making1010 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking: Strategies in Decision Making Critical thinking is a process of applying various skills to analyze information. Critical thinking uses rationality to distinguish between emotion and fact. This paper will discuss the definition of critical thinking, and the skills it takes to think critically. It will also provide an example of critical thinking applied to my current working environment. Finally this paper will discuss the importance and benefits of critical thinking inRead MoreCritical Thinking vs Making Assumptions Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pages Critical thinking takes consistent behavior in asking the right questions about the subject. In my life, I have come across people who ask many questions and some people who â€Å"go with the flow† and believe everything they hear because it is spoken with some sort of authority. Assumptions can be damaging to relationships and without critical thinking and communication, our thought process can assume the wrong idea entirely. When I speak with someone who is a critical thinker, they can be so convincingRead MoreSemester Reflection994 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted, I had set my mind that I was destined to achieve a lot. During the start of the semester, I had several difficulties writing English assignments especially in terms of grammar. During the first week of the semester, I sat down, organized my thoughts and comprehended that throughout the semester, I had to achieve all that I had planned for. As a student of English, I had planned that throughout the semester, I ha d to improve my skills as a scholar, writer and critical thinker. Now that theRead MoreRelationship Between Listening And Critical Thinking1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Relationship Between Listening and Critical Thinking My fiancà © and I have been together for two years and I know him very well. I know his likes, I know his dislikes, I know his fears, I know what he loves, but most important I know when he is not listening to me. When we first started dating I never really picked up on it and I was just so happy to have him with me that when he gave a â€Å"yea† or a â€Å"mhm† that I figured he was listening carefully and attentively to every little thing I said.

Gun Control During The Civil War - 1407 Words

According to Merriam-Webster, a weapon is: something (such as a gun, knife, club, or bomb) that is used for fighting or attacking someone or for defending yourself when someone is attacking you. Weapons have been used for thousands of years, since the creation of man. However, its use was limited to only hunting and defending against large predatory animals. As time passed, man s knowledge of weaponry expanded beyond a simple club and transformed into guns. Prior to the 1850s, Americans owned guns though none were used to inflict violence upon another person. â€Å"As a result, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, which was low everywhere, even in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assumed guns and murder went†¦show more content†¦So, how did a man owning a gun actually become a right? Well, the idea of gun ownership did not occur until after the French and Indian war. The government were contemplating the idea of a militia as a method of defense against foreign enemies since there were no policing forces during that time. Americans were still living under the rule of the British Empire and a militia would maintain law and order. Once the militia became an integral part of American society, rumors began spreading of the British creating an army to disband it. Britain s army appeared, forcing American citizens to forfeit their weapons which they refused to do. Samuel Adams mentioned that Britain s gun policy was hypocritical by citing Sir William Blackstone and his view of the English Declaration of Rights. Blackstone stated how a British man s right to gun ownership was allowed by the public, a form of resistance, and a method of self-defense. In addition, these reasons were sufficient if the laws, government policies, and society s penalties regarding their laws were not. The people s decision to bear arms was not a new right but a reiteration of Britain s law, which they were not disobeying. Colonists fin ally realized that the British created their dastardly policies as a means of oppression and to decrease the people s opportunity for political resistance. However, the difference within Blackstone s commentary

Communication Topic Paper Free Essays

Overcoming Diversity Barriers in Effective Communication Larry Rankin II HUB 640 National University Abstract Utilizing effective communication is becoming increasingly important as groups are becoming more diverse and varied across cultural barriers. The problems that face each person, community, and each country cannot be solved without global cooperation and Joint action. Changes in the world economy, transportation and communication are resulting in increased interdependence among individuals, groups, organizations, communities and societies. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Topic Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now With these changes, individuals must find ways to effectively interact and communicate with one another. In Walt Disney’s Beauty and the Beast, young Belle risks all and sacrifices her own freedom to save the life of her father’s, by living in the enchanted castle with the Beast. Although initially fearful of the Beast and horrified by his monstrous appearance, Belle is able to change her perception of him and becomes drawn to kind and sensitive nature. Ultimately the story ends in the â€Å"happily ever after† frame, but one of the key elements that remain in the mind of the audience is the idea of overcoming diversity in a relationship. One reason Beauty and the Beast retains its popularity is because this idea strikes a familiar chord within many members of the audience. Often individuals find themselves initially repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later becoming very close with the same premises and concepts that once seemed so foreign. The moral of this children’s tale shines through when we look at communication across cultures, whether in small or large groups. The diversity that exists among individuals creates an opportunity for both positive and negative outcomes when these individuals come together in groups to achieve a goal or complete a task Monsoon ; Johnson, 1989). More specifically, diversity among group members can result in beneficial consequences, such as increased achievement and productivity, creative problem solving, and growth in cognitive and moral reasoning. To the contrary, diversity among group members can also result in harmful consequences, such as lower achievement and productivity, close-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrics, prejudice, stereotyping and racism. The pathway of diversity is ultimately determined by the willingness of the group members to utilize effective communication to propel the needs of the group as a whole while respecting the culture and diversity of its individual members (p. 461). Diversity among group members is an important resource that can be utilized to improve the group’s productivity. While doing so may not be easy, it is important to understand that there are a number of barriers to effective interactions with culturally diverse groups. These include stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, he tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes can be found everywhere, and everyone has them. Stereotypes are a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They are used to describe differences among groups and to predict how others will behave. They reduce complexities, assist in making quick decisions, fill in gaps of what is known, and help to recognize patterns needed to draw conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes are defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a whole group of people with certain traits. Stereotypes are (1) cognitive; (2) reflect a set of related beliefs rather than isolated behaviors; (3) describe attributes, personalities, and characters so that groups can be compared and differentiated; and are shared by individuals and groups holding them (Cashmere Del Boca, 1979). Prejudice and Discrimination To be prejudiced meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, prejudice can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based solely on that individual’s membership in a group other than one’s own. Stereotypes taken to extremes, restudies are Judgments made about others that establish a superiority/inferiority belief system. If one person dislikes another simply because that other is identified with a different ethnic group, sex, religion, socio-economic status, or creed, then prejudice is present (Lopper, 1954). Ethnocentrism is the tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more â€Å"correct† than others. When ethnocentrism is present, the standards and values of our culture are used as a yardstick to measure the worth of other ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is often perpetuated by cultural conditioning. As children, individuals are raised to fit a into a particular culture, and conditioned to respond to various situations in similar ways that are modeled by the adults (Rotary, Evans, ; Fuller, 1979). Racism is a prejudice directed at people because of their race, or ethnic membership. Although scientific evidence indicates that only one human race exists, with many variations, various other people assume that biological differences exist as evidenced by physical appearances. Race has taken on a social meaning, suggesting one’s status within the social construct. This status structure introduces power preferences as people of different constructs interact with one another (Steele Aaron’s, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is discrimination. Discrimination is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and often aggressive action aimed at the target of the prejudice. Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups treatment and opportunities equal to those afforded to the dominant group. To reduce prejudices, use of stereotypes, and potential to discriminate, the following steps may be utilized Monsoon ; Johnson, 1999): 1) admit to having prejudices (everyone does; there are no exceptions) and commit to reducing them; 2) Identify the stereotypes that reflect the presence of prejudices and feedback from diverse friends and colleagues about how well the value and respect for diversity are being communicated. Blaming the victim Many people believe the world is Just a place where individuals â€Å"get what they deserve†, (I. E. Winning the lotto is a result of being a nice person who deserves some good luck, or being robbed is the result of being careless and is punishment for past misdeeds). The question arises then, â€Å"what happens when the situations appear unjust? † One method that is utilized and present in much of the communications between individuals is to blame the victim by convincing the self, that no injustice actually occurred. Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as â€Å"having done something wrong. † Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or misfortune is attributed to the personal characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). Culture Clash Another common barrier to effective communications across divers cultures is the dead of cultural clash. Cultural clashes are conflicts over basic values that occur when members of minority groups question the values of the majority. Common reaction by majority group members when their values are being questioned are feeling: 1) Threatened: their responses include avoidance, denial, and defensiveness; 2) Confused: their responses include seeking more information in an attempt to redefine the problem; 3) Enhanced: their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). Many cultural clashes develop in and between groups. These clashes range from threatening to confusing to enhancing, and when handled appropriately, these clashes are another form of conflict and they can serve as learning experiences rather than barriers. In our increasingly global community, highly diverse individuals interact daily, studying, working, and playing together in small groups. Rapidly growing global interdependence and the increasing emphasis on teamwork have resulted in groups with quite diverse membership. Diversity among members is no longer exceptional or optional; it is the everyday rule. Individuals are expected to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among people with a variety of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increased group productivity on a variety of tasks. Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among its members and increases the potential for conflict among members. For group members to capitalize on their differences, a high level of cultural competence and awareness must be implemented into the daily communications, to ensure that a high level of positive interdependence exists among group members. This can be accomplished by using communication to create a subordinates group identity based on a pluralistic set of values, enabling members to gain sophistication about the differences among members through personal relationships that have sufficient trust to allow for candid discussions Monsoon ;Johnson, 2005). How to cite Communication Topic Paper, Papers

Guanxi in Jeopardy free essay sample

Case Study Motosuzhou Electrowide Guanxi in Jeopardy Discussion forum Main characteristics of Chinese culture. How do these differences relate to the negotiation process Criteria that should be used in selecting a Joint venture partner. Have those criteria been met in this situation? Discussion forum Cont.. Evaluation of the composition of Electrowides team and of Motosuzhous team and their choices for this negotiation. Should Barb Morgan have been on the negotiating team. What should Tom Sherman do? Main characteristics of Chinese culture Meet Greet Chinese generally shake hands when they greet guests Do not touch anyone unless you know them very well. Do NOT embrace or slap Chinese on the back. Introduce your colleagues and allow guests to introduce themselves Business Card Etiquette carry plenty of business cards; if possible get a translated, bi-lingual version Use both hands when presenting and ensure that the writing on the card is facing the recipient Cards should be received with both hands and placed on the table in front of you to mmediately put the card in your pocket or bag is considered rude Spend a few seconds reading it. We will write a custom essay sample on Guanxi in Jeopardy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This not only helps you to remember name but also show a sign of respect for the other person Do NOT write on someone elses business card. Form of address in the West, where you may call someone by his or her first name shortly after meeting for the first time. in China almost no one is called by the given name alone, except by close relatives or extremely intimate friends of long standing

Spanish Castilian Empire Essay Example For Students

Spanish Castilian Empire Essay Why was it considered necessary for the Spanish Crown to justify and legitimise the conquest of the Americas and what arguments and means did it employ for this purpose?Every colonial country needs an idea to base its conquest and Spain was no different. The ideology behind the Spanish conquest of the Americas was the spread of Catholicism. This belief in the conversion of the Indians is what drove the Spanish to conquer, settle and govern the New World. The Castilians modeled their Catholic empire on the Holy Roman Empire of old. They viewed themselves as successors to the Romans. The Castilians regarded themselves as the superior race, who were on a divine mission to achieve a universal Catholic empire. The Castilians felt obligated to extend the faith and conveniently this proved to justify their colonisation of the Americas. They understood that by giving the natives the protection of the crown, they would lead a better life. This better life would also arise due to the absence of slavery and the spiritual guidance provided for those ignorant of Christianity. We will write a custom essay on Spanish Castilian Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now If the spreading of the faith was the sole reason for the conquest of the Americas then we must understand how religion was spread. The devout Castilians wished Catholicism to dominate but seemingly they wanted a Spanish Catholic Empire more so. The conversions were mixed between preaching, reasoning, threats and force. This faade of converting the Americans subsequently allowed the Spanish an excuse for conquest and plunder. For them this was the perfect justification, almost as if God was instructing them to take control of these new lands and consequently strip them of their wealth. The Spanish Crown had great ecclesiastical power in the newly conquered kingdom. This again indicates that it was becoming more of evident that they were on a mission of conquest, not, spiritual enlightenment. These actions give the idea that the divine mission was the Castilian mentality for the justification of their actions and that their own higher mission was far more devious and self-profiting. The mission was no longer religious and had become economically driven. Following several Papal Bulls , Ferdinand begun collecting tithes in the Americas on behalf of the church. This form of taxation was justified by the need to finance the spread of Catholicism. Now the people were financing their own conversions under the guidance of both the Pope and the Spanish Crown. This money grabbing attitude proves the insincerity of the Spanish religious conquest. In my opinion the ideology of religious conversions as the basis of conquest is a sound idea considering the savagery of the natives religion. If this was without the force and mindless pillaging of the land, it would be a legitimate theory. In practice, it was completely different as the Castilians were lured by the obvious financial windfalls of conquest. The necessity to legitimise the conquest resolves around the difference between Royal ideology and the methods practiced by the colonists. The Castilian conquest was ideological but also consisted of many socio-economic aims. The Spanish justified their colonisation by apparently saving the natives from the blood rituals to the Gods. These rituals produced the blood which was mixed with cocoa to form a drink. This was then drunk by the priests to enhance clairvoyance. These actions were considered humane by the natives and the colonists were apparently saving them from such heinous acts of brutalism. Further justification arose from the Spanish substituting a diet of human flesh with that of beef, pork, chicken and mutton. In theory, the Castilians were creating a civilised race to compliment this they introduced European architecture and town planning to benefit the natives newfound civility. .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .postImageUrl , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:visited , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:active { border:0!important; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:active , .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075 .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2429372aa1c52d35e995af9c9671075:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless in new york city winter EssayThe Castilians also considered themselves to be providing security and protection through their fortification of the colonies. Was this to protect Spanish or Amerindian interests? In truth it helped the natives but benefited the Spanish more as it provided stability which encouraged other colonists to travel to America. This policy of creating a civil society was further enhanced by the creation of Audencias and Cabildos who were answerable to the council of the Indies. This provided local governments for the Amerindians which enhanced their voyage towards a civil democratic society. This also gave the Castilians more control over

Adolf Hitler2 essays

Adolf Hitler2 essays For the past week I have been researching three men, Joseph Stalin, Mao, and Adolf Hitler for an answer to a question; who is the most evil? Which, means that I had to think about what exactly was evil for me. Now the dictionary they have a simple definition for it, which is: morally reprehensible, sinful, wicked. But there could be so many different meanings, because there are many different people in the world. So, these three men were judged on my definition of evil. Evil to me is someone who consciously knows what there doing but still doesnt care, someone who purposely tries to cause destruction on other people, one who possibly thinks that they are somewhat of a messiah, and someone who manipulates people, especially children, into thinking that what they believe is what they are suppose to believe in a fight for. And after many articles, papers, direct quotes, and book scanning, I have come up with my answer. After getting into his mind, reading his thoughts, and listen ing to his speeches, I have to say Adolf Hitler. Killing people in it is evil but his manipulation, power, and demented thoughts, he acted on, terrified me. This man appalls me. Everything he represents and started repulses me. When I look at pictures of him I know in my heart that what I am looking at is pure evil, and thats why I know it is him that I am going to write about. Adolf Hitler was born at 6:30 p.m. on the evening of April 20, 1889; he was born in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn just across the border from German Bavaria. His father was Alois Hiedler, who earlier changed his name to Hitler, and was a retired from the Austrian civil service by the time Adolf was 6. Alois was used to giving orders and having the obeyed and also expected this from his children. Adolfs older brother was badly beaten by their father and by thirteen ran away, leaving Adolf to get the physical and mental abuse at the age of only...

Point of View 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Point of View 1 - Essay Example Every night we were to pay tribute to the Seth in the price of blood and sweat. We receive our rest during the day, since we cannot work under the extreme heat. Sometimes they would call us into the Hall to punish us or reward us but that all depends on how well our work is done. We thought that Seth would set us free from bondage, but that was just a lie. Seth had various markings on his skin – all of it are numbers that seem cryptic to understand. One time, I happen to walk in a dark area and saw Seth approaching me. He was wearing a cloak and a long dress but that did not prevent me from seeing his sharp claws. The next thing I knew, my face was bloodied as I ran away. Seth is an evil force that hates mortal beings. I should have been warned by my friend Sebastian. Before the great inferno thousands of years ago, the world lived among millions working together; to provide a general well-being for all of its inhabitants. That is what the north is trying to accomplish, and ye t they are doing it dreadfully wrong. My friend, Sebastian, told me he had found some relics that could reveal the truth about the past. We did not understand the scriptures but their message was clear. It showed us how we could create a new paradise much like that one of the past.

MARKET RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MARKET RESEARCH - Essay Example It is however mainly used to show affection during special events as they are exchanged with people with emotional connections. Industry survey The last five years has not been favourable for cut flower business in Australia, this is because of the global economic downturn experienced in 2008 which altered consumer spending habits to focus on purchasing basic livelihood items. The other factor that has contributed to this is increasing competition from other developing countries producing the same; they offer these flowers at cheaper rates to the overseas markets. In the same vein, there are other retailers who are eating market share of the flower retailing industry; these are supermarkets and convenience stores. This directly affects local production and distribution since they source their products both locally and internationally. Marketing productivity Our firm has a business model that tracks how advertising expenditures influence what clients believe and feel about our product s. The chain of marketing productivity analyses the actual indicators of its effectiveness (Kilbourne, 2000)1. The diagram below shows the areas to be assessed: As outlined in this diagram, statistics that guide in assessing the effectiveness of advertising campaigns are obtained from its market and financial impact as outlined in company’s statement of accounts. The financial impacts give both short and long term perspectives on its effectiveness (Sawhney, 2012)2. Market share statistics are obtained through the company’s own market analysis and other industry analyst’s reports. Sales volume estimates are obtained on daily basis and can be monitored to assess improvements resulting from marketing drives. Business profile covering one aspect of advertising (real life scenario, twelve month period for advertising, program and budget) Products The company deals in exotic flower brands including roses, hibiscus flower and marigold since they are the highly selling as they appeal more to local consumers. It also sells other traditional Australian flowers including waxflower, kangaroo paw, eucalyptus foliage, protea, koala fern and scholtzia flower brands. Promotional activities are conducted to raise consumer awareness on their presence especially during holidays and special occasions; these are the peak periods as consumers exchange flowers on such occasions (Hainer, 2012)3. Advertising expenditure Below is a diagram that summarizes the advertisement expenditure for this company on a 12 month period. The figures are expressed in American dollars. Budget Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Television 1000 3000 800 2500 1500 2000 2000 1500 1300 1000 1500 3500 Radio 750 1000 500 800 700 1000 1000 1000 850 750 500 3000 Newspaper 750 1000 300 1000 650 550 500 800 500 200 200 2500 Internet 300 500 200 500 450 300 750 500 300 - 200 1000 Total 2800 5500 1800 4800 3300 3850 4250 3800 2950 1950 2400 10,000 Average 700 1375 450 1200 8 25 950 1050 950 750 500 600 2500 As it can be seen from the table, the highest advertisement expenditures are in the months of February and December since these are the peak periods in the flower industry. This is because of the Valentine’s Day and the Christmas celebrations which is characterised by high numbers of floral exchanges among loved ones. Television is higher than all other media since it is the most consumed channel in Australia followed

248789_diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

248789_diversity - Essay Example not only includes the traditional categories of race and gender but also people with disabilities, gays & lesbians and other non-traditional categories considered having â€Å"diversity of thought† or those from the different disciplines, college degrees, socio-economic backgrounds etc. It was Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. who inspired the concept of diversity when he advocated that people should be judged by their character, not by the color of their skin. This propelled lawmakers to come up with laws that provide equal opportunity to all. (MOR BARAK, M. E., 2000) These laws have been designed protect anyone from being discriminated against by reason of sex, marital status, ethnic or national origin, color, race, nationality, age, disability, religion, and differing terms of employment, including pay for jobs of equal value. As of now, an escalating number of European firms are implementing diversity and equality strategies; not only for principled and legal reasons but also for the trade benefits they are anticipated to deliver. Amongst the most imperative of these benefits are enhanced employee recruitment and employee retention from a broad pool of superior quality workforce, better corporate icon and repute, better innovation and improved promotion opportunities. The term â€Å"Equal opportunity† refers to a situation where a person is entitled to equal access in society. â€Å"Equal opportunities approach† is premised on the principle that all people are eligible to avail certain rights or privileges like education, employment, health care or other welfare services without any discrimination or any preference. Different organizations now apply various equal opportunity practices which consist of a number of means adopted to provide fair conditions for all their members in the process of employment and work. (GILL KIRTON, A. M. G., 2000) This current trend of the embracing of diversity has given birth to the concept of â€Å"the inclusive

Establishment Of The European Works Councils

Establishment Of The European Works Councils The importance of the subject matter for setting up a European Works Council (EWC hereafter) stems from the necessity to identify, evaluate and manage problems that come from the pragmatic aspect of employment relations. As Hoffmann and M ller (2001) note that the adoption of the EWC Directive in 1994 represented a turning point for EWC practice in which interested bodies saw EWCs as an institution to enhance trade union cooperation on a transnational level. However, less attention had been paid to the possibility of management using EWCs to its own ends (Hoffmann and M ller 2001). In addition, the threats and opportunities caused by the diverse nature of employment relations and practice both on national and international level has made setting up EWCs important to look into bearing in mind also the legal implications involved as well. Therefore, this topic is important because of the priority given to organisations by the EWC directive on the flexibility to engage in negotiations (EWC Directive 2009/38/EC Article 13) between management and employee representatives on a European level for the benefit of improving employment relations. Historical/Dynamics Background of EWC A EWC is a body that represents employees and provides for the information and consultation of employees in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings as required by the 1994 EWC Directive (94/45/EC, Article 1.2). It is the first authentic European body of interest represented at enterprise level which has a status defined by law that cannot be avoided or dissolved by employers especially in most European countries. Although they are forbidden in law to organise industrial actions, they have legal rights to redress through courts when they consider their right has been violated. The emergence of the EWC is as a result of the need for organisations to respond to the Europeanization of business evolving from the Single European Market. The establishment of EWCs took place in successions as a result of legal changes made to the directive. Initially, the directive focused on a German influenced hard law type of employee participation administered by civil sanctions but aroused opposition which then initiated the shift to a soft law type of employee participation without a firm sanction (Falkner 1996). Although efforts to introduce EWCs in the 1970s proved unsuccessful due to the joint oppositions made by employer s organisations and the governments of member states, about 46 organisations mainly operated by French, German and Scandinavian countries voluntarily adopted the directives centred on the Vredeling directive between 1983 and 1994. The next event occurred between 1994 and 1996 when 386 companies adopted the Directive 94/45/EC to exploit the loophole that Article 13 created. Later, from 1997 to 2008, the establishment of newer EWCs reduced because of guidelines stated in article 6 of the Directive 94/45/EC which led to strictly employee representatives and trade unions (Ko hler and Begega 2010). Finally, In 2009 a recast Directive 2009/38/EC was made because of a legislative proposal put forward by the European commission to address a number of concerns spotted from observing the practice of the Directive in reality. Also, the issue of Europeanization led to the changing aspects of EWCs. From, a mixed institution of employee and management representatives headed by an HR executive or member of the board of directors (French model) to only employee representatives as in the Continental European model (Ko hler and Begega 2010. How EWCs are organised EWC Directive requires business entities hiring more than 1,000 individuals in member states, of which 150 must be employed in each of two member states, should establish a European Works Council (EWC Directive 1994: Article 2) and this is mandatory for Multi-National Companies (MNC) under the European Union Law. Employees can elect work councillors or trade unions can nominate candidates according to procedures stipulated by the country s legislation. EWCs in Practice Telljohann (2005) points out that managers and trade unions have diverse interests, opinions and expectations. Lecher et al (2001), also emphasizes on the diverse nature of operations occurring within EWCs as an attribute to the organisations that manage them as well as the directive which covers them. Therefore, these factors represent, determine the development and differentiate the operationalization of EWCs enabling them obtain their structure from interactions with management, national employee representation, trade unions and also within the works council (Lecher et al 2001). However, the standard of relationship is defined by the degree of information and extent to which information is given coupled with the rate at which information is provided and the level of adequate consultation between EWCs and management. EWCs and Management Telljohann (2005) identifies four systematic plans of action taken by management in their dealings with EWCs. First of all, managers use a minimalist approach to conform to directives and avoid legal actions taken by employee representative. Secondly, managers apply a combination of manipulative and control approach in relating with EWCs to achieve their objectives. The downside of this approach is that it causes disunion between EWCs and makes them less important in the process of employment relations. Lastly, managers employ a constructive approach to propose improved or enhanced employee relations by offering to go outside the contents of the directive. The advantage of this type of approach is that both parties benefit in that managers demonstrate effective consulting process that is seen by worker representatives as a favourable time to influence management decisions. It can be argued that the mutual benefits achieved from a constructive approach make it an acceptable strategy f or managers to relate with EWCs. EWCs in practice: Management views and usage In the process of internalising organisational activities and HRM practices on a transnational level, managers encounter difficulties that vary from restructuring organisations at European level to aligning employees objectives with the strategic objectives of the organisation along with sustaining a responsible autonomy at work at a national level. The extent to which management use EWCs in dealing with these difficulties depend on how they perceive EWCs in practice. Again, management perception differs from one organisation to the other in that some managers misconstrue EWCs as an avenue for sightseeing and are sceptical about increasing their importance (Vitols 2003). However, most managers appreciate the beneficial role EWCs play in communicating information to employees and consulting with managers effectively (ibid). It is beneficial because keeping employees well informed on management decisions enables them to clearly understand, accept and put a high value on management deci sions. Managers in turn do not only win trust, acceptance and value for the decisions they make, they also gain respect. As a result, the tendency for managers to seek more strategic ways of enhancing the efficacy of EWC activities in the future is definite. Indeed, it is no surprise that management that fall under this category seem to be increasing in size (Vitols 2003). Case Study: EWCs in Practice According to a research carried out by Fulton (2005) on British Airways, it is evident that management adopted a minimalist approach in that although they tried to abide by the contents of the signed agreement, they limited information shared with employee representatives and were reluctant in entering into an open consultation with EWC. Also, based on the notion that management did not respect employee representatives, it is obvious that they also implemented a manipulative and control approach in relating with EWCs. These approaches in turn led to distrust between management and members of the EWC along with employees as a whole. Similarly, another example can be found in an Italian agro-food industry (Telljohann 2005) where management used a manipulative approach to show off itself to the public (corporate identity) and a control approach to limit the activities of the EWC. EWCs and Trade Unions In contrast to how management use EWCs, pluralistic unions tend to be more complicated in their dealings with EWCs. Trade unions interrelate with EWCs by appointing their international office or the collective bargaining department as delegates over the task of providing support to the EWCs. This approach helps Trade Unions facilitate the regulation of policies on a European level and enable the collective bargaining department concentrate on issues particular to its sector. Another approach is the delegation of supporting task to national bodies or territorial bodies. Telljohann (2005) demonstrates that it is beneficial to choose territorial bodies because it strengthens the relationship between EWCs and Trade Unions. However, delegating support tasks using the above approaches can be problematic and because of the tendency for delegates to be partial in representing the unions placed in their care on international level or the inclination to follow EWCs of their own country on national level. Whatever the case may be, it is ironic to see that whilst the rationale behind this approach is to meet the demands of members of the EWC on organisational level as regards European policies, it ends up thwarting information and resources that is of value to the organisation and EWC activity. Also, even though some unionists take up roles externally, complications occur when Trade Unions participate as full members in EWCs activities. For instance, pluralistic trade unions (e.g. French and Italian) assume that conflict in pursuit of the same entitlement as the other unions is inevitable and tend to replicate this approach within the EWC. As a result, full members of such pluralistic unions are likely to adamantly support this act of conflict thus causing problems when this approach is adopted as a controlling method of participating in activities within the EWC. Again rather than satisfying the objective of this strategy, it weakens the effectiveness of activities within the EWC and creates an atmosphere of confusion thus failing to meet the expectations of parties involved. Typologies of EWCs Lecher (2001) demonstrates four typologies of EWCs based on the divergent prospects, strategies and practices of actors, classifying them as symbolic, service, project oriented and participative. Differentiation between these typologies is made based on the analysis of interactions among the different actors such as management, trade unions, employee representatives and its internal capacity. While the symbolic typology ranks the least preferred, the participative typology is mostly admired because of its quality to exchange information and induce management to engage in negotiations. In fact, Lecher (2001) was right when he affirmed the constructive quality of a participative EWC. Advantages of EWCs According to Vitols (2003) the effectiveness of EWCs does not depend on whether the organisation is headquartered in a country with strong work councils and worker representation (e.g. Germany or Denmark) or weak tradition of partnership (e.g. France or UK). Although Streeck and Vitols (1995) and Marginson (2000) claimed that the effectiveness of EWC activities depended on the influence of strong work councils and worker representation in the home country, Terry (2003) builds on Vitols argument showing that organisations from weak tradition of partnership are hopeful about the future of stakeholder approach. Therefore it can be argued that so far as countries endeavour to improve the operations of their EWCs and apply lessons learnt from inaccuracies made in the past, the efficacy of their EWCs will continue to depend on their willingness to make things work. Therefore, the opportunity EWCs create in improving employment relations through the exchange of information and the improvement of communication within companies gives companies a valuable reason to establish their EWC (European Foundation for the improvement of living and working conditions 2008). All the same, Vitols (2003) highlights specific benefits of EWCs on a European level which demonstrate that: Employees appreciate the policies and vision of the organisation and managers are well furnished with useful information which helps them make better decisions. Developments at national levels are well understood and specific. Also, communication channels are clear and effective and representatives identify their operations as being international in scope. It enhances the spirit of teamwork and strengthens social relationships through interacting across borders and builds trust between central management and representatives at national level. Representatives based in countries with weak tradition of partnership are able to bring into operation the stakeholder approach while top management are conversant with the issues surrounding social responsibility and Human resource management. To this end, it is evident that the objective of the EWC Directive to improve employment relations succeeded in several areas. Disadvantages of EWC The genesis of the hindrances in establishing a EWC stems from the adjustable and vague nature of the directive. To begin with, the loose guidelines of the directive expose it to exploitations from a management representative level and reverse the objective of the directive to curb management-seeking interests. Also, as a result of its nature, it paves way for a bureaucratic setting leaving companies lose focus on their objective and benefits of the directive. Moreover, such a directive sets confusion in the organisation of activities amongst participants (Lucio and Weston (2000). According to Waddington (2011) the politics of labour representation and the possibility of managers to exploit the guidelines set in the Directive for their own self-interest can hamper establishment of EWCs. Managers defend their resistance underlining the cost of setting up EWCS, the impact on company decision making of EWCs and the transparency that may result from a EWC (ibid). For instance, the confusion on appropriate timing to involve the EWC in decision making with too early and too late dilemmas involved. In addition, transnational organisations incur huge costs in setting up EWC meetings through administrative costs such as travel and accommodation, feeding, preparation and organisation of meetings, real-time translation services, and remunerations for delegates and managers. More so, some managers claim that setting up a EWC will prolong the process of decision making (Waddington 2011). On the contrary, Vitols (2003: 2006) indicated that managers in companies that have established EWC do not subscribe to that view. To that end, it could be argued that managers see EWCs as instruments that diminish their powers and so they use the excuse of bureaucracy to manoeuvre their way into resisting the necessity to establish a EWC and fulfil their selfish interest. Besides, some managers also claim that EWCs will make known the employment conditions of the organisation and pave way to possible matters on collective bargaining (Waddington 2011; Whittall et al. 2008). Again, this is a tactic used by managers to strategically meet their needs at the detriment of employees as regards to improving employment relations. The EWC directive is meant to improve relations based on information and consultation and not to force decisions from actors and so it is not a valid excuse to reject requests made by employees to establish EWC because managers are too myopic to see the benefits it brings. Furthermore, differences in language, culture, behaviour, traditions, industrial relations and legal systems caused problems the diversity in structure and Human resources of EWCs. What is more is the lack of understanding of business terms, balance sheets, etc. by many delegates and reluctance of some delegates to take responsibility for decisions or points of view. Problems with EWC From a trade union perspective, EWCs are vehicles for competition between industrial sites in that union representatives exploit the opportunity for exchanging information selfishly. The information obtained is used strategically by union representatives to strengthen the position of their own site while ignoring the requests or concerns of their branches. Therefore it can be argued that the gap in the directive to provide a legal context to avoid such competition in employment relations gives room for the misuse of its activity hence producing a corrupt inter-industry competition effect. Consequently, this argument does not agree with shifting the blame onto the union representatives as Hanck (2000) reasons in a study of the automobile industry. On the other hand, management see EWCs as an instrument to align organisational change projects with decision making instead of concentrating on concerns pertaining to employment relations. e.g. as in the automobile industry Hanck 2000. Although one can argue that this is because of the weakness of the directive as pertaining to the inevitable issues of organisational restructuring, Miller and Platzer (2003) point out that the absence of an in-depth and specific directive and EWC agreements does not make it weak rather the practical functioning of EWCs determines its efficiency. Therefore, it can be argued that regardless of how loose the directive is, management representatives should align relations issues with structural changes and seek the cooperation of worker representatives on decisions that will benefit all parties. HR Challenges From the above analysis, it is apparent that HR managers are likely to face some challenges. These include but are not limited to; the establishment of a well-integrated organisational culture one employee voice aligning employee objectives and values with that of the organisation ensuring that employees understand and are regularly updated with the strategies and objectives if the organisation Making a strategic choice between converging HR policies or diverging them with a focus on national backgrounds and as well as widespread Stimulating movement across national borders while cultivating the spirit of cooperation. Also, since dealing with employee relations would require ethical considerations based on corporate responsibility and sustainability, it is the responsibility of HR Mangers to ensure that both the organisation and its employees are well protected. Recommendation and conclusion: Majority of the problems linked with setting up EWCs is as a result of lack of training. To this end, in order to reduce language barrier and considering the fact that English is widely used by many countries and an official language, representatives on all sides should seek training to boost their fluency in English. Also, in order to get acquainted with business terms and instruments, delegates should also undergo training this will in turn prepare them to participate effectively and take responsibility for valuable decisions. Furthermore the problem of distinctions in culture, behaviour, traditions, industrial relations and legal systems can be addressed by encouraging meetings to be held outside the home country at other times. This will help delegates familiarise themselves with the norms and values of other nations. It will also create an avenue to improve employment relations between companies, although this may imply a convergence in HR issues as regards industrial relations. In so far as this improves the situation, management should utilise it as a means to achieve the aim of the directive.

Pen Pals: Based On X-files Characters :: essays research papers

Pen Pals: Based On X-Files Characters Forward: This story was written based on the X-Files characters created by Chris Carter and Ten Thirteen productions. In no way this story is being used to infringe or defame these characters or the X-Files television series. The story is based on my speculation of what happened to Agent Fox Mulder's sister when she was a child. According to the writers of the X-Files, this story has no affiliation to what really happened to Samantha Mulder when she was a child, as no one really knows the whole story. As the series unfolds, we will hopefully learn more about what happens. I have submitted my story to the writers & producers of the X-Files via the Internet in hopes they will use my story in a future episode. This story is also available over the Internet on my home page so others can view it at their leisure. The idea for this story has been in the back of my mind before I was assigned this project. I have always loved the X-Files since it premiered and within the past year, I have submitted my stories, ideas, and suggestions to the writers of the X-Files. Unfortunately, none of my ideas have been selected. Lots of activity regarding the X-Files goes on over the Internet, and through discussions are where I get a lot of my ideas for the stories that I write. =============================================== June 8th, 1996 6:58pm- Washington, DC, Scully's Apartment Dana Scully arrived home to find a package sitting in the hallway outside her door. Curious, she picked it up and tucked it under her arm while she let herself into the apartment. Once inside, she set the box wrapped in brown paper down on her dining table and left it there while she hung up her coat and kicked off her high heels. Mulder would be coming over later to discuss the case they were currently working on, but until then, she wanted to relax. She made herself a cup of hot coffee and carried both it and the package with her over to the sofa. She noticed that her mother's return address was on the label. I wonder what this could be? She didn't say she was going to be sending me anything. Dana set her tea down and ripped the paper open. Inside she found a rather old, very familiar shoebox with an envelope taped to the top. She opened the envelope and read the letter her mother had enclosed. Dear Dana, I found this when I was going through some boxes in the attic and almost threw

Psychodynamic vs Behaviourist Theory

Psychology is not just philosophical speculation and reasoning over the years it has evolved and it is now also recognised as a science, to understand what psychology is all about it is necessary to know it’s origins and the theorist who brought it out of obscurity, Sigmund Freud. He developed the Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytical perspective to enable better understanding of human behaviour these concepts will be discussed further later in this study. After Freud opened the gateway other perspectives and approaches have been developed, now with five main areas of psychology – Cognitive, Behaviourist, Biopsychology and Humanist approaches. For a comparison with the Psychodynamic theory, Behaviourist Theory will be discussed. Psychodynamic theory is referred to in psychological literature more than any other. This is the stereotypical psychology – looking into your past, discovering hidden desires, rummaging through the unconscious. It is the most radical of the five theories, and by far the most criticised – accused of being sexist, seeing the human population as ill, and considering sex and hostility as the only motivation for human actions. However, this theory has proven to be one of the most influential forces in the twentieth century. Sigmund Freud believed that humans are driven from birth by two innate instincts Eros the life instinct – the self-preserving and erotic instinct and Thanatos the death instinct – the self destructive, aggression and cruelty instinct. These are controlled by a free floating sexual energy, the libido and is seen to be the single most important motivating force in adult life, driven from birth to enhance bodily pleasure. There is a lot more to the mind than meets the eye, much like an iceberg – only the very tip is showing. He is the one who came up with the concept of one's unconscious – the part of the mind where desires and memories are stored, unrecognised, only hinted at through dreams or slips of the tongue or the ‘Freudian slip’ as it is more widely known. Rallying between the conscious and unconscious are the id, ego, and superego – separate and conflicting forces, requiring a balance for mental health and normal behaviour. The id is a person's animal force, their need to satisfy basic psychological needs. The superego is the ‘ideal' force, the civilised, competent figure the person strives to be. The ego sort of regulates the two, keeping the id satisfied while staying within the guidelines of the superego. The strength of each individual force is a factor in personality – if a person's superego is too strong, they are seen as rigid and guilty. If a person's id is too strong, they are seen as delinquent and antisocial (Boeree, 2000). The psychodynamic theory also established the idea that what happens in a person's childhood is one of the most important factors in personality development, especially traumatic experiences. The theory states that children who go through such things repress their memories, and this is the cause of adulthood mental disease. In order to further understand how personalities are shaped during childhood, Freud thought up the psychosexual stages. This shows the development of the id and the establishment of pleasure-sensitive areas known as erogenous zones. This also brings about the idea of fixations. Such things are developed in the Oral stage of a child’s development from birth to eighteen months where the mouth is the source of nourishment and pleasure an example of this is seen in a nursing infant and if deprived of nourishment will fixate their pleasure seeking energies on this stage, the need to constantly stimulate the mouth through smoking, biting and chewing. The next is the Anal stage between eighteen and thirty-six months focus on bladder and bowl elimination and is seen as a source of pleasure when the child is able to control them, this is why toilet training usually happens around this age and if not mastered an adult would be seen to be anal expulsive or anal retentive. Phallic stage between age three and five years where sexual energy is focused on the genitals. Oedipus and Electra complex in which the child unconsciously wishes to posses the parent of the opposite sex and rid themselves of the parent of the same sex. The result of this desire in boys would experience castration anxiety which would drive them to identify with their fathers. If there is no male figure in this stage of a child’s development it is thought that the child will have problems with authority figures later in life as he has never had the chance to conclude this stage. Freud’s explanation for the female development claiming that they would experience penis envy (a realisation they do not have a penis) they would eventually overcome by achieving motherhood and having their own baby. Latency stage from six years through puberty here the child will develop their confidence and mastery of the world around them. He believed that during this stage their experiences and excitations of previous stages are repressed and children develop infantile amnesia being unable to remember much of their earlier years. The Genital stage from twelve years upwards to adulthood is the culmination of the psychosexual development and the fixing of sexual energy in the genitals. This eventually directs humans towards sexual intercourse and the beginnings of the next cycle of life (Breger, 2009). John Watson a theorist who rejected the idea of introspection and every part of the psychodynamic theory, suggested the Behaviourist view is an objective, experimental branch of natural science who are interested in prediction and control of behaviour, most of the early research was carried out on animals before moving onto humans. This is an approach that believes people are born ‘Tabula rasa’ literally meaning ‘blank slate’, that all human behaviour is infinitely plastic and therefore is ultimately explainable in terms of the experiences that an organism goes through rather than any genetic predisposition of characteristics that the organism possesses. The relationship between the environment and the organism is seen as a straight line, in that the organisms act on their environment, which in turn provides rewards and punishments to determine the future probability of a response occurring. Behaviours are acquired or learned in one of two main ways, these are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Examples of classical conditioning applied to real life are things like, taste aversion, learned emotions, advertising and development of phobias. Use of operant conditioning is referred to as behaviour modification such as in a classroom or therapy settings (Wyman, 2005). Watson suggests that children have three basic emotions, fear, rage and love and attempted to prove that these emotions could be artificially conditioned. The experiment of Little Albert is his most famous and controversial experiment, Watson and a graduate assistant named Rosalie Rayner conditioned a small child to fear a white rat. They accomplished this by repeatedly pairing the white rat with a loud, frightening clanging noise. They were also able to demonstrate that this fear could be generalized to other white, furry objects. The ethics of the experiment are often criticized today, especially because the child's fear was never deconditioned. Another example of classical conditionning is Ian Pavlov ‘Dogs’, in this experiment he noted that dogs would salivate before the delivery of food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented a variety of stimuli before the presentation of food, eventually finding that, after repeated association, a dog would salivate (response) to the presence of a stimulus (noise) other than food (Bitterman, 2006). The most influential of all behaviourists is B F Skinner he is famous for his research on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement. He developed a device called the ‘cumulative recorder’ which showed rates of responding as a sloped line. Using this device, he found that behaviour did not depend on the preceding stimulus as Watson and Pavlov maintained. Instead, Skinner found that behaviours were dependent upon what happens after the response, therefore, using positive and negative reinforcement responses can be conditioned to a stimulus, those that are rewarded will increase and those that are not will decrease (Rubin, 2003). Not unlike other perspectives Behaviourism has gone through many transformations in the years since is conception by John Watson, one of the recent extensions in this approach has been the development of Social Learning theory. This theory is most relevant to criminology. Bandura suggests that we learn through observation, imitation and modelling of a significant other, people learn through the outcome of those behaviours and later a person will form an idea which serves as a guide for action. A significant other could be someone one aspires to become, not necessarily family, it could be someone famous for instance. If a person sees another being rewarded or punished for a certain behaviour they may or may not copy that behaviour, what is seen as a punishment or reward for one person may not be for another. However, if it is a person they aspire to be children in particular tend to emulate this behaviour either good or bad. Part of this study was the ‘Bobo doll’ experiment, he demonstrated that children learn and imitate behaviours they have observed in other people. The children observed an adult acting violently toward a Bobo doll. When the children were later allowed to play in a room with the Bobo doll, they began to imitate the aggressive actions they had previously observed (Green, 2003). Psychology has changed its face over the many years since Freud first introduced the psychodynamic theory putting forward a different way of trying to understand why people behave the way they do, moving onto the Behaviourist approach which completely refutes Freud’s theory by refusing to accept that people are born with natural innate instincts and that consciousness is the subject matter of psychology, who believe that psychology is about behaviour and activities and that the consciousness is not definable. They leave a huge gaping whole in their theory relating to perception, sensations, memories and imagination. Whereas Freud simply focused on his masculinity and the inferiority of the female population, although he can be forgiven for this as his theory came about in the Victorian era and this theory was a major breakthrough in history and is still one of the biggest thinkers and without whom psychologists and the like would not know as much about ourselves as people do. References Breger, L. (2009). From Instinct to Identity: The Development of Personality. 1st ed. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 1-18. Grieve, K. (2006). A student's A-Z of Psychology. 1st ed. California: Juta Academic. Hayes, N. (1993). A first course in Psychology. 12th ed. Cheltenham: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Bitterman, M. (2006). Classical Conditioning since Pavlov. Review of General Psychology. 10 (4), 365-375. Wyman, R. (2005). Experimental anaylasis of nature-nurture interactions. JEZ. 03A (6), 415-421. Boeree, G. (2000). Freud and Psychoanalysis. Available: http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/psychoanalysis. html#Johann_Reil. Last accessed 10 November 2010 Geen, C. (2003). Transmission of aggression through immitation of aggressive models. Available: http://psychclassics. asu. edu/Bandura/bobo. htm. Last accessed 10 Nov 2010. Rubin, J. (2003). From Pavlov to Skinner Box. Available: http://www. juliantrubin. com/bigten/skinnerbox. html. Last accessed 10 November 2010

Free Essays on PCP

Throughout the past week I have been researching a hallucinogen most commonly known as PCP. PCP, or phencyclidine, was developed in the 1950’s as an intravenous anesthetic. Then in the 1960’s PCP became commercially available for use as a veterinary anesthetic under the name of Sernylan. In 1965 the use of PCP was discontinued because of numerous negative effects it had on the patients. Now PCP is illegally manufactured in laboratories and sold under street names such as â€Å"angel dust,† â€Å"ozone,† â€Å"wack,† and â€Å"rocket fuel.† When mixed with marijuana PCP can be recognized as â€Å"killer joints† or †crystal supergrass.† The variety in street names and combinations reflect PCP’s range of violent and bizarre effects. PCP is not easily classified and should be considered separately from hallucinogenic drugs. The manufacture of PCP is a two-stage reaction. First, PCP is created by reacting piperdine, cyanide, and anicyclohexanone. This product is then reacted with phenyl magnesium bromide to form the final product. The chemicals needed to manufacture PCP are available, inexpensive, and little chemical knowledge or laboratory equipment is needed for the process. PCP is a white crystallized powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol, and has a distinctive bitter chemical taste. It can also be mixed easily with dyes and turns up on the illicit drug market in a variety of tablets, capsules, and colored powders. PCP is best taken orally, intranasally, or IV because it is well absorbed. It is then stored in fat and brain tissue. Occasionally PCP is injected or ingested; it is most frequently sprinkled on smoking material, parsley, such as mint leaves, tobacco or marijuana, then combusted, and inhaled. The effect PCP has on you can be varied as its appearance. As far as short term effects go you can experience flashbacks. Generally you hallucinate which further leads to diseases. Also wh... Free Essays on PCP Free Essays on PCP Throughout the past week I have been researching a hallucinogen most commonly known as PCP. PCP, or phencyclidine, was developed in the 1950’s as an intravenous anesthetic. Then in the 1960’s PCP became commercially available for use as a veterinary anesthetic under the name of Sernylan. In 1965 the use of PCP was discontinued because of numerous negative effects it had on the patients. Now PCP is illegally manufactured in laboratories and sold under street names such as â€Å"angel dust,† â€Å"ozone,† â€Å"wack,† and â€Å"rocket fuel.† When mixed with marijuana PCP can be recognized as â€Å"killer joints† or †crystal supergrass.† The variety in street names and combinations reflect PCP’s range of violent and bizarre effects. PCP is not easily classified and should be considered separately from hallucinogenic drugs. The manufacture of PCP is a two-stage reaction. First, PCP is created by reacting piperdine, cyanide, and anicyclohexanone. This product is then reacted with phenyl magnesium bromide to form the final product. The chemicals needed to manufacture PCP are available, inexpensive, and little chemical knowledge or laboratory equipment is needed for the process. PCP is a white crystallized powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol, and has a distinctive bitter chemical taste. It can also be mixed easily with dyes and turns up on the illicit drug market in a variety of tablets, capsules, and colored powders. PCP is best taken orally, intranasally, or IV because it is well absorbed. It is then stored in fat and brain tissue. Occasionally PCP is injected or ingested; it is most frequently sprinkled on smoking material, parsley, such as mint leaves, tobacco or marijuana, then combusted, and inhaled. The effect PCP has on you can be varied as its appearance. As far as short term effects go you can experience flashbacks. Generally you hallucinate which further leads to diseases. Also wh...

0635 Name Eiyad KhairyGrade 8N Essays - Waves, Acoustics

0635 Name Eiyad KhairyGrade 8N Essays - Waves, Acoustics 0-635 Name: Grade 8(N) MYP Science Title: Sound Key concept: Relationships Related concepts: Relationships / Models / interaction Global contexts: Identities and relationships / Roles and role models Topic: The sound wave Statement of inquiry: Models can represent the structural and functional relationship between sound and energy. Inquiry questions: Factual: What is the sound? Conceptual: How do sound travel through mediums? Debatable: What are the applications based on echo? MYP Assessment Criteria B- Inquiring and designing C- Processing and evaluating Writing a lab report about The sound wave Due date is before Tuesday 17/3/2015 Theoretical background Waves transmit energy without transmitting matter. This means that waves can move energy (or information) from one place to another without moving any substance (stuff) from one place to another. The amount of energy which a wave depends on its amplitude. Longitudinal waves move through substance backwards and forwards. After the wave has gone, the substance is back where it started but energy has been carried by the wave from its origin (where it begins) to its destination (where it finishes). The sound wave is a longitudinal wave. It cant travel through a vacuum (nothing), when a longitudinal wave moves through a material, the particles of the material move backwards and forwards along the direction in which the wave is travelling. Below is a picture of a longitudinal wave travelling along a slinky. Rarefaction is the name given to the region where the slinky is pulled apart. Compression is the name given to the region where the slinky is pushed together. The wavelength can be measured as the distance between the centers of two compressions. Wavelength is given the symbol l (Greek lambda), and is measured in meters because it is a distance. Denoted by . Frequency is defined as "the number of complete cycles (complete waves or vibrations) in one second". Hertz is the unit of frequency (symbol Hz). Denoted by . The period of a wave is defined as "the time taken for one complete cycle or vibration". Denoted by T. The wave equation links between frequency and wavelength: Speed = frequency x wavelength v=f f= 1T= ntWhere: v is speed measuren in [M/s] f is frequency measured in [Hz]T is periodic time time needed to complete one cycle measured in [s] N is the number of vibrations T is total time of vibrations measured in [s] Aims: In this investigation you will be able to: Use slinky to calculate the frequency of a wave. Materials: Slinky Stopwatch Meter stick Task: Your task is to write a lab report about longitudinal waves. Procedure Stretch the slinky between two group members without making it too tight. Make sure the slinky is lying on the floor (as shown in figure 1 below) Create a longitudinal wave pulse by pushing the slinky forward parallel to it. The slinky should still be in a straight line and the wave pulse (squished up part) should travel to the other end of the slinky. Measure the distance that the wave travels between people (the length of the slinky) in meters and record this in table 1. The third person should time the wave through this distance, from one person to another. Enter this time into table 1. You will record the time it takes the longitudinal wave to travel from one person to another for a total of three separate times. These times will not be exactly the same, but should be close to each other. The fourth person should count the number of pulses pass through the slinky for each time. Average these times and enter the average in table 1. To average the time add them up and divide by their number. average time= time1+time2+time33Calculate the speed of this longitudinal wave using the wave equation: speedms=distance traveled (m)time (s)Record the speed of this longitudinal wave you calculated into table 1 in meters per second. Show your work and calculation in analysis part. Communicate scientific information effectively using scientific language correctly. Present all the information appropriately using symbolic and/or visual representation accurately according to the chosen application. Figure 1 Part 1: Introduction Problem statement: How does the amount of vibration affect the frequency? Hypothesis: If the amount of vibration increases then the frequency will increase. Explaining the hypothesis: The frequency will increase because it depends on the amount of vibration speed. Dependent Variable: Frequency Independent Variable: The amount of vibration Controlled variables: Time: (1 min) Equipment: Slinky Stopwatch Meter stick Procedure: I stretched the slinky between

Admission paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission paper - Essay Example Furthermore, I believe that one should never cease to learn. Whether it is learning you do through practice or learning one does through prose, a person is and always should be in a state of learning. Without learning one becomes stagnant and it’s neither good for the person himself nor is it good for society. I am a registered nurse since 2002 and have been working in different positions as a nurse from then onwards. I have given services to geriatric and I liked working for the aged individuals because it gave me a sense of achievement when they felt better about their lives. I have also worked as a nurse at a clinic. Moreover I have also worked as nurse treating patients who were on dialysis and as a med-serge nurse. All these experiences helped me learn one thing or the other about patients and their problems. I want to learn more practical approaches through Empire State College. Plus I want to achieve my goal which is to become renal nurse practitioner. I think studying at Empire State College can help me achieve this goal. I have a strong will and positive attitude which help me sail through all the difficulties and pressures that I face as a nurse at times. I have a good experience and I have learnt a lot wherever I have worked. I am a striver and being passionate about nursing helps me be a better nurse. Which is why, I want to learn what Empire State College has to offer me in order to do my job in a better way. I would like to use this opportunity of entrance in Empire State College to groom myself and to be able to become renal nurse practitioner, so that I can help those who are suffering and whom I can help in my capacity as a nurse. I want to use the healing power that I have as a nurse in an effective

Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Civil War - Essay Example law was put forward as a measure to placate the South which was upset over the increasing number of free states and anti-slavery sentiments penetrating the government. The law enforced fines on all law personnel who did not arrest a run slave. Prior to this act, the fugitive slave act of 1793 was in action which demanded the return of run-away slaves from the free states. In other words, it was asking the North which termed slavery illegal to abide by the slavery laws of the South. This was in direct contrast with the Northern sentiments. In many states like Massachusetts that had abolished slavery during the eighteenth century, the idea of returning slaves was met with great resistance. The law was not only dangerous for the run-away slaves but also for the free blacks, people who were born and raised in the Free states. The law could easily be misused and these people could then be shipped to the South having been unjustly termed as run-away slaves. The law was not acceptable to the North as it was asking them to become part of enforcing slavery throughout the country. The intention of this law was exacerbate the ensuing tension between the North and the South, however it further increased the divide. The law gave rise to many abolitionist leader like Frederick Douglas who raised their voice actively against the discrimination. The fugitive slave act was soon followed by the Kansas Nebraska act in the 1854 which further increased the divide. The ultimate blow was however dealt during the Kansas killings when proslavery as well as antislavery supporters flooded from the North as well as the South to cast their votes. The ultimate result of all the chaos and bloodshed was the civil war itself which decided once and for all the fate of slavery in the country. The Civil War can undoubtedly be called as one of the most influential events in American history whose effects helped shape the American nation. It is important to study the causes of an event which is of